We live on a planet that is dominated by water. More than 70% of the Earth's surface is covered with this simple molecule. Scientists estimate that the hydrosphere contains about 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of this substance mostly in the form of a liquid (water) that occupies topographic depressions on the Earth. The second most common form of the water molecule on our planet is ice. If all our planet's ice melted, sea-level would rise by about 70 meters.
Water is also essential for life. Water is the major constituent of almost all life forms. Most animals and plants contain more than 60% water by volume. Without water life would probably never have developed on our planet.
Water has a very simple atomic structure. This structure consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom (Figure 8a-1). The nature of the atomic structure of water causes its molecules to have unique electrochemical properties. The hydrogen side of the water molecule has a slight positive charge (see Figure 8a-1). On the other side of the molecule a negative charge exists. This molecular polarity causes water to be a powerful solvent and is responsible for its strong surface tension (for more information on these two properties see the discussion below).
| Figure 8a-1: The atomic structure of a water (or dihydrogen monoxide) molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms joined to one oxygen (O) atom. The unique way in which the hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom causes one side of the molecule to have a negative charge and the area in the opposite direction to have a positive charge. The resulting polarity of charge causes molecules of water to be attracted to each other forming strong molecular bonds. |
When the water molecule makes a physical phase change its molecules arrange themselves in distinctly different patterns (Figure 8a-2). The molecular arrangement taken by ice (the solid form of the water molecule) leads to an increase in volume and a decrease in density. Expansion of the water molecule at freezing allows ice to float on top of liquid water.
| Figure 8a-2: The three diagrams above illustrate the distinct arrangement patterns of water molecules as they change their physical state from ice to water to gas. Frozen water molecules arrange themselves in a particular highly organized rigid geometric pattern that causes the mass of water to expand and to decrease in density. The diagram above shows a slice through a mass of ice that is one molecule wide. In the liquid phase, water molecules arrange themselves into small groups of joined particles. The fact that these arrangements are small allows liquid water to move and flow. Water molecules in the form of a gas are highly charged with energy. This high energy state causes the molecules to be always moving reducing the likelihood of bonds between individual molecules from forming. |
Water has several other unique physical properties. These properties are:
- Water has a high specific
heat. Specific heat is the amount of
energy required to change the temperature of
a substance. Because water has a high specific
heat, it can absorb large amounts of heat energy
before it begins to get hot. It also means that
water releases heat energy slowly when situations
cause it to cool. Water's high specific heat
allows for the moderation of the Earth's climate
and helps organisms regulate their body temperature
more effectively.
- Water in a pure state has a neutral pH.
As a result, pure water is neither acidic nor basic.
Water changes its pH when substances are dissolved
in it. Rain has a naturally acidic pH of about 5.6
because it contains natural derived carbon dioxide
and sulfur dioxide.
- Water conducts heat
more easily than any liquid except mercury. This
fact causes large bodies of liquid water like lakes
and oceans to have essentially a uniform vertical
temperature profile.
- Water molecules exist in liquid form over an important
range of temperature from 0 - 100° Celsius. This
range allows water molecules to exist as a liquid
in most places on our planet.
- Water is a universal solvent.
It is able to dissolve a large number of different
chemical compounds. This feature also enables water
to carry solvent nutrients in runoff, infiltration, groundwater
flow, and living organisms.
- Water has a high surface tension (Figures 8a-3 and 8a-4). In other words, water is adhesive and elastic, and tends to aggregate in drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin film. This phenomenon also causes water to stick to the sides of vertical structures despite gravity's downward pull. Water's high surface tension allows for the formation of water droplets and waves, allows plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients) from their roots to their leaves, and the movement of blood through tiny vessels in the bodies of some animals.
| Figure 8a-3: The following illustration shows how water molecules are attracted to each other to create high surface tension. This property can cause water to exist as an extensive thin film over solid surfaces. In the example above, the film is two layers of water molecules thick. |
| Figure 8a-4: The adhesive bonding property of water molecules allows for the formation of water droplets (Photo © 2004 Edward Tsang). |
- Water molecules are the only substance on Earth
that exist in all three physical
states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas.
Incorporated in the changes of state are massive
amounts of heat exchange. This feature plays an important
role in the redistribution of heat energy in the
Earth's atmosphere. In terms of heat being transferred
into the atmosphere, approximately 3/4's of this
process is accomplished by the evaporation and condensation
of water.
- The freezing of water molecules causes their mass to occupy a larger volume. When water freezes it expands rapidly adding about 9% by volume. Fresh water has a maximum density at around 4° Celsius (see Table 8a-1). Water is the only substance on this planet where the maximum density of its mass does not occur when it becomes solidified.
Table 8a-1: Density of water molecules at various temperatures.
|
Temperature (degrees
Celsius) |
Density (grams per cubic
centimeter) |
|
0 (solid) |
0.9150 |
|
0 (liquid) |
0.9999 |
|
4 |
1.0000 |
|
20 |
0.9982 |
|
40 |
0.9922 |
|
60 |
0.9832 |
|
80 |
0.9718 |
|
100 (gas) |
0.0006 |